How To Take Bacteria Samples

Sampling Air For Bacteria
Bacteria air samples are taken by impacting air onto some suitable growth media. Two of the commonly used samplers are Andersen (N6 Single Stage) and Reuter Centrifugal sampler (RCS). The Andersen sampler uses petri-dishes while the RCS uses agar strips. For environmental bacteria, a general purpose media such as Tryptic (Trypticase) Soy Agar (TSA) can be used.

Sampling Surfaces For Bacteria
Sterile cotton swabs can be used to sample for bacteria contaminating surfaces. The swabs are then sent immediately to a laboratory for culturing and identification of the bacteria to genus or species.

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How To Collect Swab Samples For Microbiological Testing

Sterile swabs can be used to test the level of microbial contamination on various surfaces such as air conditioning units, kitchen equipment, hospital wards, spas or any other place. Swab samples can be analysed for total viable counts (usually referred to as colony forming units) or specific indicator organisms for food spoilage or sewage contamination. Swab samples are easy to collect.

How To Collect Swab Samples

  • Wear gloves
  • Select a sampling area of about 10 cm X 10 cm (or 20 cm x 20 cm)
  • Break the seal round the tube containing the swab
  • Remove the swab from the tube and rub and roll it firmly several times across the sampling area.
  • Return the swab into the tube and label the sample
  • Send the sample to the laboratory for analysis.

If one is sampling a dry surface, it is recommended that a wet or moistened swab is used. The swab test method has proved a popular testing method with flood damage insurance claims, where there may be sewage contamination. If swab samples are collected for culture analysis, they should be sent to the laboratory within 24 hours after collection. If the analysis of the swab samples involves enumeration of the microbial contaminants, the size of the area sampled should be provided to the lab.

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How To Collect Mold And Bacteria Samples From Air

Collecting mold and bacteria samples from air is very easy. The first thing to decide is the kind of results you want and for what purpose. This will help you to decide on the sampling equipment and the media to use. For example, if sampling for a specific bacterium or fungus, you would want to use a sampling agar media that is suitable for the growth of the target organism. The efficiency of the air sampling pumps for the collection of the target organism has also to be considered.

Sampling equipment can be expensive. However, for a company that does not collect air samples every other week, renting the equipment is a better option. Sampling media can be obtained directly from the manufacturers or their resale agents. For companies collecting only a few samples in a month, sampling media can be obtained from a good mold testing laboratory.

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Moulds commonly found in carpet and mattress dust

A number of moulds are frequently found in carpet and mattress dust. Eurotium repens is the most frequently detected mould in mattress dust. Others include Aureobasidium pullulans, Alternaria alternata, Penicillium chrysogenum, Aspergillus penicilloides and Aspergillus restrictus.

More than 100 species of moulds have been recorded from carpet dust. As with mattress dust, the most frequently isolated mould in carpet dust is Eurotium repens. The others are Penicillium chrysogenum, Alternaria alternata, Aureobasidium pullulans and Phoma herbarum.

Concentrations of these moulds in carpet and mattress dust can be as high as 70 million colony forming units per gram of dust. Such high concentrations of moulds are likely to cause respiratory allergy or irritating symptoms. Therefore, it is import to regularly HEPA vacuum the carpets, mattresses and upholstered furniture to reduce the dust and spore concentration. If people are suffering from reoccurring respiratory allergy or irritating symptoms in a building where there is no visible mould, it is suggested that dust be tested for the types and concentrations of mould present.

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Legionella: Health Effects, Occurrence and Sampling

Health effects of Legionella

In 1976, in Philadelphia, USA, over 200 attendees of the US-American Legion, developed pneumonia. The disease was later called “Legionnaires’ disease”. The causative agent, a Gram-negative bacterium, was named Legionella pneumophila. Legionella pneumophila causes 85-90% of all cases of Legionella infections (legionellosis). There are over 40 species of Legionella.

Legionella pneumophila can cause very severe infection of the respiratory system. However, Legionnaires’ disease epidemics are rare but the disease is fatal if untreated. The disease may develop within 2 to 13 days (average 5-6 days).

Another form of legionellosis is Pontiac fever, named after an outbreak in 1968 in Pontiac, USA. This form of disease, caused by a number of Legionella species, is milder than Legionnaires’ disease. Pontiac fever develops within 48 to 72 hours and the illness may clear in 2-5 days. No fatal cases have been reported in relation to Pontiac fever. This disease mainly appears as epidemics. Pontiac fever is believed to be a reaction to inhaled Legionella antigens rather than an infection.

Disease transmission

There is no evidence for transmission of legionellosis from person to person or by ingestion. Legionella infection occurs when people inhale the bacterium via fine water droplets as aerosols from the environment. Indoor transmission of legionellosis has been reported via contaminated hot water supplies in hospitals, hotels and other public buildings, respiratory therapy equipment, jacuzzis, spas and air-humidifiers.

Occurrence

Legionella bacteria are part of the natural aquatic bacterial population of lakes and rivers. They are present in all types of fresh water, including tap water. Legionella multiply in water, using other microorganisms like bacteria, algae and protozoa. Their concentration in fresh water is influenced mainly by the temperature. They are isolated more frequently and in higher concentrations from warm water (30 to 50 °C.). However, Legionella also survive at much lower temperatures indoors as well as outdoors. At temperatures above 60 °C Legionella can’t survive.

Sampling Of Legionella

Sampling of Legionella in indoor air or water on a routine basis is not recommended. However, sampling is recommended to:

  • determine the source of outbreaks of legionellosis
  • check the effectiveness of maintenance practices and control measures for hot water supplies and humidified ventilation systems
  • guarantee the safe use of hot water supplies and humidified ventilation systems.

When investigating the water services within a building for Legionella, the condition of pipes, the joining methods used, the presence of lagging, sources of heat, and the standard of protection afforded tanks should be noted, as well as disconnected fittings, ‘dead-ends’, and cross-connections with other services.Water Sampling
Water samples should be collected in sterile autoclavable plastic containers. The samples should be taken from:

  • the incoming supply;
  • tanks;
  • an outlet close to, but downstream of, each tank;
  • the distant point of each service;
  • the water entering and leaving any fitting under particular suspicion.

Surface Sampling
Using swabs, surface samples should be taken from shower heads, pipes and taps. Also, sludge, slime or sediments within building water services or humidifiers can also be collected, particularly where accumulation occurs.

Sample Handling and Storage
Samples should be stored at room temperature (20 ± 5 °C.) in the dark and should be processed within 2 days. That means the samples should be sent to the laboratory within 24 hours. It is also important to confirm with the lab that they have the necessary media before sampling is done.

Air sampling
The presence of Legionella in indoor air can be investigated using Reuter Centrifugal Sampler (RCS) or the Andersen sampler. Regardless of the sampler used, the recommended sampling agar at present is BCYE-agar.

References

  1. Flannigan, B., R.A. Samson, and J.D. Miller (Editors). Microorganisms in home and indoor work environments: diversity, health impacts, investigation and control. 2001. London, UK: Taylor & Francis (ISBN: 0-415-26800-1).
  2. Wanner, H-U, AP Verhoeff, A Colombi, B Flannigan, S Gravesen, A Mouilleseux, A Nevalainen, J Papadakis, and K Seidel. 1993. Biological Particles in Indoor Environments. Indoor Air Quality and Its Impact On Man. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities. Report No. 12.

For more information on indoor bacteria, please visit http://www.moldbacteria.com/ or call 905-290-101.

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Mould Exposure

The best strategy to determine if building occupants are exposed to hazardous mould is to take air samples. It is important to note that even in rooms with visible mould growth air sampling may give very low spore counts. Two methods are widely used in sampling air for mould.

  1. Impacting air on some growth media. This method is used when one is interested in determining the concentration of viable mould spores/fragments in the air.
  2. Impacting air on some inert sticky surface. In this case the mould spores and other particulate are directly counted under a microscope regardless of whether the spores are viable or not.

Both methods have limitations. Therefore, whether to use the first, second or both methods depends on the type of data required, which in turn depends on the objective of the investigation.

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Mold Removal: when to use a mold removal company

When to call a professional mold removal company

Mold removal is the process of removing  all moldy or contaminated material from a building. Generally material that can be cleaned are cleaned and dried. Although it’s tempting to remove any mold you see, it’s not always practical or safe to remove it yourself. Removing mold before you know whether it’s toxic can make your family feel ill. And sometimes there’s simply too much mold for you to remove safely yourself.

What mold removal guidelines say

You may clean small areas of mold (less than 1 square meter or 3 square feet) yourself. If you do choose to clean small areas of mold yourself, please follow mold guidelines for your safety and that of your family.

Mold growth covering an area less than 10 square feet is categorised as level 1 mold growth. Level 1 mold growth can be one single area of mold or it can include several patches of mold which together would be less than 10 square feet. Remember! Cleaning the mold without fixing the moisture problem, doesn’t solve the mold problem.

If visible mold growth in your house covers more than 10 square feet or if you are not sure how to clean the mold safely, it is recommended you seek professional advice. Cleaning large areas of mold growth releases high concentrations of mold spores into the air, which could make your family feel sick.

Therefore, extensive areas of mold growth should be cleaned by a professional. Heavy concentrations of mold spores can cause or worsen health problems.

Molds don’t have to be toxic to cause health problems. Even a common, usually harmless mold can be a health issue if there is a lot of it. However, always consult a professional if your house mold is a toxigenic mold, or if you even suspect a toxigenic mold.

How Do You Tell If A Mold is Toxigenic?

If you need to know whether your house mold is toxic or not, you may want to send a sample to our lab for testing. To send a sample, download the Order Form, complete it and send it together with your samples.

Remember! – please call a mold remediation professional when:

    • You the area covered by mold growth is greater than 10 square feet
    • You’re not sure of the extent of your mold problem
    • Mold comes back after repeated cleaning
    • The home is very damp
    • A family member suffers from allergies or asthma
    • You think the mold may be a toxic mold because a family member is suffering from unexplained symptoms that may be related to exposure to toxic mold

 

If you need a professional mold removal company, please visit this mold remediation professionals directory for a comprehensive list of mold remediation specialists listed by province. We also work closely with some mold removal companies and we may be able to direct you to the right people. Give us a call at 905-290-9101.

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Mold Sampling: How To Select Agar Media

Why selecting the right type of mold sampling agar media is critical

There are several types of agar media used in a microbiology laboratory for culturing molds. These media may differ in their water activity, pH, nutrient content or composition. Molds differ in their growth requirements. Therefore, no single medium is suitable for each and every mold out there. It’s therefore important to select mold sampling agar media wisely.

 

How would one select mold sampling media to use then?

 It is easy to select the mold sampling media to use if one is looking for a specific type of mold. However, in most mold investigation projects, one is interested in knowing the kinds of viable molds present in the air and their concentrations. Penicillium chrysogenum growing on DG18The problem of using a single type of media is that some molds may not grow well (or may not grow at all) in the selected media. Hence, although such molds may be the dominant contaminants in the air, they may end up being missed or underestimated. The solution, therefore, is to use more than one type of mold sampling media or select one that is known to support a wide range of environmental molds. A good example is Malt Extract Agar (MEA). The problem with this media is that it also supports the growth of bacteria to some extent. Picture of Penicillium Chrysogenum and Stachybotrys chartarum on MEAIf the environment sampled is contaminated with bacteria, the bacteria grow faster than molds and interfere with mold growth. This problem can be overcome by incorporating a suitable antibiotic or other suitable compounds (e.g., Rose Bengal) into MEA to suppress bacterial growth. Rose Bengal not only suppresses the growth of bacteria but also restricts the spread of fast growing molds thus making it easy for colony counting.

 

What about culturing of bulk samples?

 

The same applies to culturing of bulk samples such as pieces of building material or dust. Direct culturing of such material in a single type of media could give erroneous results. If a single media is to be used to culture these types of samples, it is recommended that a lab performs a direct microscopic examination of the samples before culturing. Stachybotrys on MEADirect microscopy allows identification of the dominant contaminant (at least to genus level) regardless of whether the mold is dead or cannot grow on media used.

 

Demonstrating the effect of media on mold growth

 

To demonstrate how results from a single media can be misleading, examine the 4 petridishes. Two bulk samples were cultured onto 2 different media (DG18 and MEA) after serial dilution. Sample 1 was cultured in petridishes marked “A”. Direct micrsocopic examination of sample 1, indicated it had Stachybotrys as the dominant mold and some slight growth of Penicillium. After incubation, Stachybotrys did not show up at all in DG18 but both Stachybotrys (cream colonies with dark centres) and Penicillium (blue colonies) appeared on MEA. The second sample had Stachybotrys only. Stachybotrys on MEAAfter plating onto DG18 and MEA and incubation (see petridishes marked “B”), Stachybotrys appeared on MEA but not on DG18. These observations clearly indicate how wrong conclusions can be made if the right type of media is not used either in air sampling or culturing of bulk samples.

 

If you would like more information on mold sampling media, give us a call at 905-290-9101.

 

References

Microorganisms in home and indoor work environments: diversity, health impacts, investigation and control. Flanning Brian, Samson, Robert A., and Miller, David J (Ed.), Taylor and Francis, 2001.

For more information on sampling media,
please visit http://www.moldbacteria.com/prices.html or
call 905-290-101.

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A Mold Training Course With A Difference

The MBL mold training course was first offered on July 5, 2005. Readers of our newsletter suggested that we provide some training based on the topics we used to discuss in our newsletters. That is how this course was born. Since then we have offered the course at least once every month!

Mold training course manual and CDThe mold training course started as a half-day course covering topics such as:

  • How to recognize indoor mould. This section of the course was initially designed for beginners but even experienced professionals have found it useful. Sometimes, one can’t tell for sure whether they are dealing with mold or not.
  • How to develop effective sampling strategies. Whether to sample for mold or not (like many other issues involving mold) is controversial. However, there are instances where sampling can’t be avoided. Collection of the right kind of samples and at the right place can make results interpretation easier.
  • How to interpret laboratory results. With no standards on permissible exposure levels, opinions on lab results can significantly differ. An understanding of the key limitations of lab results and the principles applied on results interpretation is essential.

A number of participants suggested that we increase the course content to make it a one-day course. We added more material to the original sections and also added a section on mold control.

The mold training course is currently offered by MBL in association with Golder Associates Limited. It is has been approved by a number of reputable organization for continuous education. These organizations include:

For more details about the course click http://www.moldbacteria.com/training.html

Book today using the booking calendar below.

 
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Non-viable Fungal Air Sampling Alone May Not Be Adequate

Non-viable Air Sampling

 

 

 

VersaTrap air sampling casette Air-O-Cell air sampling casette Allergenco air sampling casette

Indoor air sampling for airborne fungi is frequently conducted to assess the levels of fungal contamination and subsequently the potential risk to building occupants. It is also used to determine if there was hidden mould growth in the building or to determine the effectiveness of remediation procedures. One of the most cited advantages of non-viable air sampling is that detection of fungal structures (spores, hyphal fragments, etc) is not dependent on their viability or the suitability of agar media. Non-viable air samples are collected with samplers such as Air-O-Cell, Allergenco, VersaTrap, Burkard, Cyclex, Cyclex-d and Micro-5 among others. The spores (whether viable or dead) and other particulates are trapped on the sticky surface of the spore trap and can then be directly enumerated and identified under a microscope. Since both viable and nonviable spores can be enumerated, an efficient non-viable air sampler is expected to give a better estimate of the level of airborne fungal contamination than a viable air sampler.

Viable Air Sampling

Picture of Colony Forming Units: CFUViable air samples are often collected on agar media either in strips (if using Reuter Centrifugal Sampler) or in Petri-dishes for Andersen sampler. Unlike non-viable air sampling, detection and subsequent enumeration and identification of airborne fungal particulates collected on growth media depends on whether the spores and hyphal fragments are viable and whether the media used can support their growth into colonies. For this reason, colony counts are usually lower than spore counts. Even if all the fungal structures were viable, colony counts are likely to be lower than the spore/hyphal fragment counts because what is counted as a single colony could have developed from more than a single spore or hyphal fragment. In one study it was found that the ratios between the total fungal spores collected by the Burkard sampler and the viable fungi collected by the Andersen sampler ranged between 0.29 and 7.61.

Non-viable Air Sample

Picture of Chaetomium and Aspergillus/Penicillium sporesIs Non-viable Fungal Air Sampling Alone Adequate? In most cases viable air sampling is only used in situations where identification of the moulds to species level is required. However, our observation in the lab seems to suggest use of spore traps alone may not be adequate for airborne fungal sampling. On many occasions we have recovered moulds in viable samples that were not observed in non-viable samples even when viable and non-viable samples were taken side by side. For example Chaetomium and Stachybotrys spores, which are fairly easy to identify from spore traps have appeared in viable samples, yet, they were not detected from the non-viable samples. We have also observed that although non-viable sampling gives higher counts than viable sampling in most cases, this is not always the case. There are many factors that can contribute to these “unexpected” results.

Conclusion

Picture of Viable Air Samples On RCS Agar StripsSince both non-viable and viable air sampling have limitations, using either method singly is not adequate. To obtain conclusive information on the level of contamination and the diversity of airborne fungi in a building, taking both viable and non-viable air samples is preferable. We recommend the Calgary Health Region’s protocol, “Fungal Air Testing, Investigation and Reporting Requirements for Residential Marihuana Grow Operations (Revised May 2006)”. With few exceptions, the protocol requires that fungal air sampling consist of both viable samples (e.g. RCS or similar) and non-viable samples (e.g., Air-O-Cell) taken side by side.

References

Adhikari A., Sen M.M., Gupta-Bhattacharya S., Chanda S. (2004). Airborne viable, non-viable, and allergenic fungi in a rural agricultural area of India: A 2-year study at five outdoor sampling stations. Science of the Total Environment, 326 (1-3), pp. 123-141.

Calgary Health Region (2006). “Fungal Air Testing, Investigation and Reporting Requirements for Residential Marihuana Grow Operations (Revised May 2006)”.

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